Work, telework, and mental health during COVID-19. / Trabajo, teletrabajo y salud mental en el contexto COVID-19.

This review addresses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on workers' mental health, in particular, teleworking conditions. Our analysis is based on documents from several international organizations and specialized scientific publications. The retrieved information reveals that the pandemic has had a significant effect on the mental health of frontline workers and employees who had to migrate to a virtual environment without prior warning. However, a positive aspect is reflected in the development of several remote mental health care devices implemented to protect vulnerable population, frontline workers, and the general population. Finally, this paper underscores the importance of developing public policies for protecting workers' mental health.

Este trabajo abordar una reflexión sobre el impacto de la pandemia COVID19 sobre la salud mental de los trabajadores, y en particular, sobre las condiciones del teletrabajo. Para ello se recupera y analiza diferentes documentos de organismos internacionales y diferentes publicaciones científicas especializadas. De la información recuperada se señala que la pandemia no sólo ha tenido importantes efectos sobre la salud mental de los trabajadores de primera línea, sino también, sobre los trabajadores que debieron migrar repentinamente hacia los entornos virtuales, sin demasiada organización previa. No obstante, un aspecto positivo se refleja en la organización de diferentes dispositivos de atención de la salud mental remota, implementados para la atención de poblaciones vulnerables, trabajadores de primera línea y población general. Se concluye enfatizando la importancia del desarrollo de políticas públicas para la atención específica de la salud mental de los trabajadores.

Trabajo, teletrabajo y salud mental en el contexto COVID-19 / Work, telework, and mental health during COVID-19

Resumen Este trabajo abordar una reflexión sobre el impacto de la pandemia COVID19 sobre la salud mental de los trabajadores, y en particular, sobre las condiciones del teletrabajo. Para ello se recupera y analiza diferentes documentos de organismos internacionales y diferentes publicaciones científicas especializadas. De la información recuperada se señala que la pandemia no sólo ha tenido importantes efectos sobre la salud mental de los trabajadores de primera línea, sino también, sobre los trabajadores que debieron migrar repentinamente hacia los entornos virtuales, sin demasiada organización previa. No obstante, un aspecto positivo se refleja en la organización de diferentes dispositivos de atención de la salud mental remota, implementados para la atención de poblaciones vulnerables, trabajadores de primera línea y población general. Se concluye enfatizando la importancia del desarrollo de políticas públicas para la atención específica de la salud mental de los trabajadores.

Abstract This review addresses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on workers' mental health, in particular, teleworking conditions. Our analysis is based on documents from several international organizations and specialized scientific publications. The retrieved information reveals that the pandemic has had a significant effect on the mental health of frontline workers and employees who had to migrate to a virtual environment without prior warning. However, a positive aspect is reflected in the development of several remote mental health care devices implemented to protect vulnerable population, frontline workers, and the general population. Finally, this paper underscores the importance of developing public policies for protecting workers' mental health.

Impact of COVID-19 on quality of life in Peruvian older adults: construct validity, reliability and invariance of the COV19-Impact on Quality of Life (COV19-QoL) measurement.

The aim of the present study was to translate into Spanish and evaluate the psychometric evidence of the Impact on Quality of Life (COV19-QoL) applied to a sample of Peruvian older adults (N = 298; 58.1% women, 41.9% men, mean age 65.34 years [SD = 11.33]). The study used techniques from the Classical Test Theory (CTT) and Item Response Theory (IRT). The findings confirmed the single factor structure of the COV19-QoL, high internal consistency reliability, measurement invariance by gender, and all items demonstrated adequate discrimination and difficulty indices. In this sense, the items allow adequate discrimination between low, medium and high levels of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on quality of life. In addition, a greater perceived impact of the pandemic on quality of life is necessary to answer the higher response options of the COV19-QoL. In conclusion, the COV19-QoL is a valid measurement scale of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the quality of life of Peruvian older adults.

COVID-19 Bereavement in Ten Latin American Countries: Measurement Invariance of the Pandemic Grief Scale and Its Relation to Suicidal Ideation.

The present study aimed to evaluate the cross-cultural measurement invariance of the Pandemic Grief Scale (PGS) in ten Latin American countries. A total of 2,321 people who had lost a family member or other loved one due to COVID-19 participated, with a mean age of 34.22 years old (SD = 11.99). In addition to the PGS, a single item of suicidal ideation was applied. The unidimensional model of the PGS had adequate fit in most countries and good reliability estimates. There was evidence of measurement invariance by country and gender. Also, a one-point increase in the PGS was associated with an almost twofold increase in the odds of suicidal ideation. Scores greater than or equal to 4 on the PGS are proposed as a cut off to identify individuals with suicidal ideation. Strong evidence of the cross-cultural validity of the PGS is provided.

Impact of COVID-19 on quality of life in Peruvian older adults: construct validity, reliability and invariance of the COV19-Impact on Quality of Life (COV19-QoL) measurement

Abstract The aim of the present study was to translate into Spanish and evaluate the psychometric evidence of the Impact on Quality of Life (COV19-QoL) applied to a sample of Peruvian older adults ( N = 298; 58.1% women, 41.9% men, mean age 65.34 years [SD = 11.33]). The study used techniques from the Classical Test Theory (CTT) and Item Response Theory (IRT). The findings confirmed the single factor structure of the COV19-QoL, high internal consistency reliability, measurement invariance by gender, and all items demonstrated adequate discrimination and difficulty indices. In this sense, the items allow adequate discrimination between low, medium and high levels of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on quality of life. In addition, a greater perceived impact of the pandemic on quality of life is necessary to answer the higher response options of the COV19-QoL. In conclusion, the COV19-QoL is a valid measurement scale of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the quality of life of Peruvian older adults.

Cross-cultural invariance of the Spanish version of the COVID-19 Assessment Scorecard to measure the perception of government actions against COVID-19 in Latin America

Abstract Objectives The present study aimed to evaluate the measurement invariance of a general measure of the perception of governmental responses to COVID--19 (COVID-SCORE-10) in the general population of 13 Latin American countries. Methods A total of 5780 individuals from 13 Latin American and Caribbean countries selected by non-probabilistic snowball sampling participated. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed and the alignment method was used to evaluate invariance. Additionally, a graded response model was used for the assessment of item characteristics. Results The results indicate that there is approximate measurement invariance of the COVID-SCORE-10 among the participating countries. Furthermore, IRT results suggest that the COVID-SCORE-10 measures with good psychometric ability a broad spectrum of the construct assessed, especially around average levels. Comparison of COVID-SCORE-10 scores indicated that participants from Cuba, Uruguay and El Salvador had the most positive perceptions of government actions to address the pandemic. Thus, the underlying construct of perception of government actions was equivalent in all countries. Conclusion The results show the importance of initially establishing the fundamental measurement properties and MI before inferring the cross-cultural universality of the construct to be measured.

Cross-Cultural Validation of a New Version in Spanish of Four Items of the Preventive COVID-19 Infection Behaviors Scale (PCIBS) in Twelve Latin American Countries.

The invariance of the Preventive COVID-19 Infection Behaviors Scale (PCIBS) was evaluated in 12 Latin American countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay). A total of 5183 people from the aforementioned countries participated, selected using the snowball sampling method. Measurement invariance was assessed by multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA) and Multi-Group Factor Analysis Alignment (CFA-MIAL). In addition, item characteristics were assessed based on Item Response Theory. The results indicate that the original five-item version of the PCIBS is not adequate; whereas a four-item version of the PCIBS (PCIBS-4) showed a good fit in all countries. Thus, using the MG-CFA method, the PCIBS-4 achieved metric invariance, while the CFA-MIAL method indicated that the PCIBS-4 shows metric and scalar invariance. Likewise, the four items present increasing difficulties and high values in the discrimination parameters. The comparison of means of the PCIBS-4 reported irrelevant differences between countries; however, Mexico and Peru presented the highest frequency of preventive behaviors related to COVID-19. It is concluded that the PCIBS-4 is a unidimensional self-report measure which is reliable and invariant across the twelve participating Latin American countries. It is expected that the findings will be of interest to social and health scientists, as well as those professionals directly involved in public health decision making.

Un Cuestionario de actitudes hacia la Política validado en habitantes de la ciudad de Arequipa, Perú / An attitude toward Politics Questionnaire validated in habitants from Arequipa City, Peru / Um Questionário de atitudes à Política validado em habitantes da cidade de Arequipa, Peru / Un Questionnaire d'attitudes vers la Politique validé chez des habitants de la ville d'Arequipa, du Pérou

En este artículo se describe el proceso de construcción y validación del Cuestionario de Actitudes hacia la Política que constaba de 12 ítems, formulados por Arias y Timaná. Para ello se trabajó con una muestra de 875 personas (47.54% varones y 52.46% mujeres) con una edad media de 38 años, dentro de un rango de 18 a 92 años. Todos provienen de 11 distritos de la ciudad de Arequipa, en Perú. En el procesamiento estadístico, se eliminó el ítem 8, por lo que el instrumento se compone de 11 reactivos con correlaciones ítem-test superiores a 0.427. La prueba tiene una estructura factorial de dos factores: Gobernabilidad y Participación política, que explican el 41.714% del total de la varianza. Cuentan además, con índices de confiabilidad adecuados para cada uno de ellos (α= 0.745 y α= 0.730, respectivamente). Se presentan los percentiles para su valoración y aplicación con fines de investigación en el campo de la psicología política y ciencias afines.

In this article we describe the process of construction and validation of the Attitude toward Politics Questionnaire which contains 12 items, written by Arias and Timaná. We tested a simple of 875 people (47.54% male and 52.46% female) with an average age of 38 years, into the range of 18 to 92 years old. All of them came from 11 districts at Arequipa City, in Peru. In the statistical process, one item was eliminated, so the questionnaire is composed by 11 items with item-test correlations higher than 0.427. The test has a bifactorial structure: Governability and Politic participation, which explain the 41.714% of the variance as total. The test counts with adequate reliability values for each factor (α= 0.745 and α= 0.730, respectively). We present the percentile values for its application in investigation, into de field of politic psychology and related sciences.

O seguinte artigo descreve o processo de construção e validação do Questionário de Atitudes à Política, conformado por 12 itens propostos por Arias e Timaná. Trabalhou-se com uma amostra de 875 pessoas (47.54 % homens e 52.46 % mulheres), com uma idade média de 38 anos (faixa 18-92). Todas moravam em 11 distritos da cidade de Arequipa, no sul do Peru. No processamento estatístico, foi eliminado o item 8, pelo que o instrumento fica composto de 11 reativos com correlações item - test superiores de 0.427. A prova tem uma estrutura fatorial de dois fatores: governabilidade e participação política, que explicam o 41.714 % do total da varianza. Além disso, tem índices de fiabilidade apropriados para cada um deles (α= 0.745 e α= 0.730, respetivamente). Se apresentam os percentis para ser valorados e para sua aplicação para pesquisa no campo da psicologia política e ciências afines.

Dans cet article qu'il est décrit, le processus de construction et la validation du Questionnaire d'Attitudes vers la Politique qui se composait de 12 articles, formulés par des Arias et Timaná. Pour cela il a étudié avec un échantillon de 875 personnes (47.54 % un hommes et 52.46 % une femmes) avec un âge moyen de 38 ans, à l'intérieur d'un rang de 18 à 92 ans. Tous proviennent de 11 districts de la ville d'Arequipa, au Pérou. Dans l'accusation statistique, 8 a éliminé l'article, par ce que l'instrument s'arrange de 11 réactifs avec corrélations un article - test supérieur à 0.427. La preuve a une structure factorial de deux facteurs : la Gouvernabilité et la Participation politique qu'ils expliquent 41.714 % du total le varianza. Ils racontent de plus, avec les indices de fiabilité appropriés à chacun d'eux (à = 0.745 et à = 0.730, respectivement). Les percentiles se présentent pour son évaluation et application aux fins de recherche dans le domaine de la psychologie politique et des sciences contiguës.

Honorio Delgado (1892 - 1969), un repaso histórico sobre su vida y suobra: A propósito de los 100 años del psicoanálisis en el Perú / Honorio Delgado (1892-1969), an historical review about his life and work:About a hundred years of psychoanalysis in Peru / Honorio Delgado (1892-1969), um panorama histórico sobre sua vida e suaobra: No marco comemorativo dos 100 anos da psicanálise no Peru

El presente artículo se avoca a la vida y obra de Honorio Delgado Espinoza,psiquiatra arequipeño, que ocupa un importante sitial en la historia de la psicologíaperuana y la psiquiatría latinoamericana. Hacemos una breve revisión de su vida y susaportes a la filosofía, la educación, y principalmente, a la psicología en el Perú. Seanaliza su concepción espiritualista y fenomenológica de la psicología, su contacto conFreud, en relación con la difusión del psicoanálisis en el Perú a partir de 1915, y suseparación de esta escuela. También se muestra su contribución como introductor de lapsicofarmacología en el Perú, su labor docente y sus formulaciones teóricas sobre lasenfermedades mentales. Consideramos también su labor académica y editorial en basea varias de sus publicaciones, a nivel nacional e internacional. Con este trabajo sepretende mantener en la memoria de los psicólogos latinos a tan insigne figura que hasido un pionero en diversos aspectos de la psicología y la psiquiatría(AU)

This article focuses on the life and work of Honorio Delgado Espinoza, apsychiatrist from Arequipa who occupies an important place in the history of psychologyin Peru and psychiatry in Latin America. We briefly review his life and contribution toPhilosophy, Education, and mainly for the Psychology in Peru. His spiritual andphenomenological conception of psychology, his approach to Freud, regarding thedissemination of psychoanalysis in Peru since 1915, as well as his separation fromthis school are analyzed in this article. It also presents his contribution as introducerof psychopharmacology in Peru, his role as a teacher and his theoretical formulationsabout mental illness. His academic and editorial work is also considered on the basisof several of his publications at national and international levels. This work aims topreserve in the memory of psychologists in Latin America this outstanding character,who was in many ways one of the psychology and psychiatry pioneers(AU)

Este artigo enfoca a vida e obra de Honorio Delgado Espinoza, psiquiatra deArequipa que ocupa um lugar importante na história da psicologia no Peru e da psiquiatriana América Latina. Revisamos brevemente a sua vida e contribuição para a Filosofia,a Educação e, principalmente, para a Psicologia no Peru. Sua concepção espiritualistae fenomenológica da psicologia, sua aproximação com Freud, a respeito da divulgaçãoda psicanálise no Peru desde 1915, assim como sua separação desta escola sãoanalisadas neste artigo. Apresenta também sua contribuição como introdutor dapsicofarmacologia no Peru, seu papel como docente e suas formulações teóricassobre a doença mental. É considerado também o seu trabalho acadêmico e editorialcom base em várias das suas publicações em níveis nacional e internacional. Estetrabalho tem como objetivo trazer à memória dos psicólogos da América Latina estepersonagem, que foi em muitos aspectos um dos pioneiros da psicologia e psiquiatria(AU)

Aprendizaje por descubrimiento vs. Aprendizaje significativo: Un experimento en el curso de historia de la psicología / Learning by discovering vs meaningful learning: An experiment in the subject of history of psychology

La presente investigación tuvo por objetivo comparar el rendimientoacadémico de dos grupos de estudiantes universitarios del Programa Profesional dePsicología de la Universidad Católica San Pablo, considerando que un grupo fue instruidocon el modelo de aprendizaje por descubrimiento de Bruner en el curso de historia dela psicología I, y otro grupo fue instruido con el modelo de aprendizaje significativo porrecepción de Ausubel. La muestra estuvo integrada por 24 estudiantes en el Grupo I(aprendizaje por descubrimiento) y 49 en el Grupo II (aprendizaje significativo porrecepción) seleccionados mediante la técnica de grupos intactos. Se aplicó un diseñode investigación cuasi-experimental de series cronológicas con dos grupos. En elprimer grupo se realizaron actividades didácticas centradas en la participación activade los estudiantes, a través de lecturas, exposiciones, trabajos grupales, etc. En elsegundo grupo, en cambio, la enseñanza se focalizó en el profesor, quien desarrollólas clases usando el método expositivo, pero apoyado en organizadores visuales y laformulación de preguntas dirigidas a los estudiantes. Los resultados apuntan a lasuperioridad del modelo de aprendizaje significativo con respecto al modelo deaprendizaje por descubrimiento, a través de la valoración de sus evaluaciones escritasque fueron contrastadas mediante la prueba t student (p< 0.05). Se analizan tambiénlas potenciales causas de estos resultados en función de ciertas característicaspsicológicas y académicas de los estudiantes, que han sido motivo de investigaciónen ocasiones previas(AU)

The present research has as aim the comparison of academic achievementin two groups of university students from Catholic San Pablo University’s PsychologyProfessional Program, considering that one group was instructed by discovery learningmodel of Bruner in the subject of history of psychology I, and the other group wasinstructed with the significant learning by reception of Ausubel. The sample was conformedby 24 students in Group I (discovery learning) and 49 students in Group II(significant learning). The results point to the superiority of significant learning model respect to the significant learning model of Bruner. We also, analyze the potentialcauses of our findings(AU)